Ottoman Government
They had 4 groups:
the Sultan
the council
the army and navy
the scholars
the Sultan
the council
the army and navy
the scholars
The Sultan
The Sultan was like the king of an empire. He had full control over the whole empire, thus they were EXTREMELY powerful. Nothing happen without the Sultan's permission. If someone wanted to travel, they would have to have a document that had the sultan seal on it. This showed that the traveller had the sultans permission, and that the person was legally travelling. (sultan seal shown above)
The Council
In the modern world, the council to the Sultan would be considered as a senate, or a house of representatives. The diffrerence though, is that the president( in this case the Sultan) has to have permission from the council to do most things, whereas the Sultan, being a king in monarchy, can do however he pleases.
The Army and Navy
The Army and Navy are the same now as they have always been. There may be some more powerful wepons now than before, but the main idea for having an Army or Navy force remains the same: to protect the specific are, weather it be state, a country, or an empire. Whenever they are called upon by the Sultan, they are ready to come fight for and defend their area.
Scholars
The scholars were important, but didn't play a big role in the government. They would study, as scholars do, and might be paid by the Sultan for making discoveries.